The problems of Translating Acronyms from English into Arabic
Abstract
The English term "acronym" is differently defined by different linguists, leading to misunderstanding in nomenclature. The first group of writers such as: Quirk et al. (1972: 1031) and Yule ( 1996: 68) argues that acronyms are words either formed from the initial letters of a set of other words; these can be 'alphabetisim' such as 'CD' 'Compact Disk' or 'FBI' 'Federal Bureau of Investigation', or acronyms pronounced as single words, as in: 'UNESCO' (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) with capital letters or 'Laser' (Light wave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) which is an acronym used by the public. So , it does not need capitals. Another group, however, finds that acronym is only the name of a word created from the first letter of each word in a series of words, to be pronounced as one word as in: (SONAR, created from sound navigation and ranging; NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Scuba, from Self- contained under water breathing apparatus Bauer (1983: 237-238), Wikipedia, (2002: 2), Marriam Webster, cited in Berman (2005: 3), Weakley ( 2006: 3), Kasprowicz ( 2010: 2). A distinction should be made between an 'acronym' and an 'abbreviation' since the latter can be defined as a shortened form of a word or phrase used for brevity in place of the whole, consisting of the first few letters, or even first letter only followed by a full stop, e.g. ('Univ.' from University; 'Dep.' From Department; 'Prof.' from professor, etc.) Ghazala ( 1995: 186). Tourneir ( cited in Bankole, 2006: 4) observes that on the level of pronunciation: "abbreviations are pronounced letter by letter, because they do not conform to the morphological phonetical constraints that exist for words" as in: CDU and LFE whereas acronyms are pronounced as words because they correspond to the morphological phonetical model, as in: OPEC. and UNICEF. However, Weakley( 2006: 1-2) and Cherim (2007: ) regard acronym as a special instance of abbreviations by saying: all methods of shortening words or phrases are subsets of abbreviations, and acronym is one of these methods and it is a pronounceable word. Quirk et al. ( 1972: 981) consider acronymy as blending and clipping as a type of minor word formation processes and it is a means of forming new words on the basis of old ones. These minor processes have attained some importance in modern times. So acronyms are a part of morphology which is itself a part of grammar.