The trends of the central government of Sultan Mahmud II and their impact on the states and cities of Iraq (1831-1839).

The Ottoman Empire witnessed the first attempts at reform in the political, economic and social fields, as well as its government institutions in the second half of the eighteenth century AD because of what it was suffering from at that time of weakness, decline and military defeats. These reforms were based on the inspiration of Western ideas after a long debate witnessed by the Ottoman government circles between supporters and opponents, considering that Western civilization and its civilization have made great progress at various levels , while there were those who opposed the application of these reforms for fear of their impact on the principles and teachings of the Islamic religion .This option was the best option because of the current state of affairs and in order to modernize its organs and institutions as much as possible .The most important events that the Ottoman reform movement was influenced by was the French Revolution, whose principles and ideas were transmitted to the Ottoman capital by the French military missions hired by it in order to modernize the Ottoman army or through the European diplomatic missions accredited in the capital (Istanbul) .The first reforms implemented in the Ottoman Empire were military reforms due to the military nature of the state throughout its political history, and the imbalance and decline occurred due to the corruption of its army, and there were several reforms during the reign of Sultans Mustafa III (1757-1774), Sultan Abdul Hamid I (1774-1789) and Sultan Selim III (1789-1807), but the major and influential reforms were applied during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839), which was an extension of for the reforms initiated by Sultan Selim III, guy they included wider sectors . He renovated the military schools and was able to eliminate the Janissary army and abolish it completely in 1826, and also abolished military fiefdoms almost twelve years later . In fact, these steps were important, as they served to subjugate the Ottoman states and return them to the authority of the central government , as well as to implement a centralized policy throughout the state .Sultan Mahmud II managed to eliminate the local families in the Arab states, such as the Carman Family in Tripoli (Libya) and the Mamluks in Iraq, and in fact, Sultan Mahmud IIs interests were not focused on the military side only, but went beyond it to the cultural and educational fields, and in this research we will touch on the application of Sultan Mahmud IIs policy of imposing central authority and its influence in the states of Iraq ( Baghdad and Mosul)