The duality of beauty and ugliness in Al-rafi'i's letters of sorrows

Antithesis is a universal phenomenon and an essential aspect of life, reflected in literature, where thought generally operates through dualities. One such duality is the dialogue between opposing and contrasting boundaries, which is the focus of our research. We examined antithetical dualities in Rasa’il Al-Ahzan by Al-Rafi‘i, exploring the concept linguistically and terminologically, as well as the notions of beauty and ugliness, along with a brief introduction to Al-Rafi‘i and his work.

The first chapter is titled The Subjective Approach to Beauty and Ugliness, while the second chapter is The Objective Approach to Beauty and Ugliness. In conclusion, we reached several key findings, which are presented in the research