Ismail, Mohammed, and محمد. “‘who Is Responsible for the Downfall of Baghdad by the Mongols?’”. Adab Al-Rafidayn 35, no. 40 (June 24, 2025): 67–89. Accessed August 6, 2025. https://ojs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/radab/article/view/1451.