Saeed, N., & نازدار. (2025). Political variables and their impact on the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate (41-132 A.H. / 661-749 A.D.). Journal of Education for the Humanities, 3, 677–698. Retrieved from https://ojs.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/jeh/article/view/5689