The spread of Ibadi beliefs in the central Maghreb and its relationship with the Levant (93 AH/711 AD - 140 AH/757 AD)

The current research presents the spread of Ibadi beliefs in the Maghreb, and reveals their relationship with the Arab East in the second and last half of the Umayyad period, and the beginnings of the Abbasid state, which dominated the Islamic world. The Ibadi beliefs are among the most moderate and tolerant of the Kharijite beliefs with those who oppose them from other sects. They are the closest in thought and belief to the Sunnis and the community, and they are the least extremist and extremist. Therefore, their beliefs lasted, and their presence remained abundant to the present time, and they did not become extinct - as the other extremist sects became extinct. Because of this, outstanding scholars and jurists in the sciences of religion and hadith emerged from among them, and their fame became widespread. The credit for organizing and arranging the Ibadi call - in the manner in which it was famous - is attributed to Jabir ibn Zaid, and to his intelligent policy, represented in staying away from extremism, using religious piety, and choosing well the preachers whom he sent to the Islamic regions. Likewise, Jabir succeeded in linking The goals of the call were similar to the goals of many people who were opposed to the Umayyad rule, which enabled it to attract different elements from multiple tribes and races. Thus, the Ibadi call became a comprehensive opposition movement to the ruling system, despite it being secret. After the death of Jabir, Abu Ubaidah took over the reins of the call. Muslim bin Abi Karima al-Tamimi, one of the most prominent students of Jabir bin Zaid, who established an institute for Ibadi studies in Basra, and he supervised it, taught the students, and trained them to spread the call in a sound and effective way, then send preachers - whom he called bearers of knowledge - To various countries, he provided them with important information that would help them carry out some political action, and at the same time, he spread the Ibadi call secretly, until conditions became appropriate and ready for them to spread it publicly, so their call spread in Persia, Zanzibar and the Maghreb, and historians attribute the reason for the success of the Ibadi Its emergence and spread in Morocco was due to the activity of the Eastern preachers, who arrived in Morocco in the first century AH (the seventh century AD). They began to spread their calls among the Berber tribes dissatisfied with the state. The most important results of the Ibadi call was the establishment of the Rustamid state in the Maghreb at the hands of Abd al-Rahman. Ibn Rustam, one of Abu Ubaidahs students, who was a scholar, after the killing of his colleague Abu Al-Khattab at the hands of the Abbasid leader Muhammad bin Al-Ashath